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I am sometimes asked, " Why do you spend so much of your time and money talking about kindness to the animals when there is so much cruelty to men? " I answer, " I am working at the roots. " ~ George T. Angell

Quick Reference:

Animal Cruelty Cases/Updates in Carroll County, TN	Cruelty Connection: Animal Abuse = Human Violence
Animal Cruelty Cases/Photos in Carroll County, TN *Warning:Graphic Photos	Tennessee (includes codes)
Animal Hoarding	Tennessee Horse Welfare Guidelines (PB 1741) University of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service, 2004. This publication is in Adobe Acrobat™ PDF format. To read, download or print it, you will need the free Adobe Reader™, available from the Adobe Web site. CLICK HERE

The Connection Between Animal Abuse and Violence Against People

A correlation between animal abuse, family violence, and other forms of community violence has been established. Child and animal protection professionals have recognized this link, noting that abuse of both children and animals is connected in a self-perpetuating cycle of violence. When animals in a home are abused or neglected, it is a warning sign that others in the household may not be safe. In addition, children who witness animal abuse are at a greater risk of becoming abusers themselves.

The line separating an animal abuser from someone capable of committing human abuse is much finer than most people care to consider. People abuse animals for the same reasons they abuse people. Some of them will stop with animals, but enough have been proven to continue on to commit violent crimes to people that it's worth paying attention to.

Virtually every serious violent offender has a history of animal abuse in their past, and since there's no way to know which animal abuser is going to continue on to commit violent human crimes, they should ALL be taken that seriously. FBI Supervisory Special Agent Allen Brantley was quoted as saying "Animal cruelty... is not a harmless venting of emotion in a healthy individual; this is a warning sign..." It should be looked at as exactly that. Its a clear indicator of psychological issues that can and often DO lead to more violent human crimes.

Animal abuse is an ugly scar on this country. Enough so that 34 states now have animal abuse felony laws on the books. That brings the issue squarely into the realm of law enforcement.

Animal abuse comes in many forms. Mutilation, torture and death, along with fighting, are the most extreme and can carry jail terms upon conviction. But it can also surface in what might otherwise appear to be normal urban and suburban households. People who do not care for animals properly also fall into the category of abusers. Abuse may include improper nutrition and/or improper health care.

Fact is, law enforcement by and large has typically not dealt with the problem as vigorously as other crimes. There has traditionally been a general feeling within law enforcement that the abuse of animals can usually be attributed to juveniles getting their kicks, and that it's just a case of "kids being kids." In reality, it is much more than that.

While abuse is done for "kicks" in some cases, dog and cock fighting is a muti-million dollar a year industry. In some communities, dog fighting is merely a sport even though animals are ravaged in the "competition." In addition, gangbangers are, increasingly, using vicious animals to protect themselves and their turf. And, most frighteningly, almost every one of the worst of the nation's most vicious criminals has a history of animal abuse. Some names that come to mind are Jeffrey Dahmer, John Wayne Gacy, Ted Bundy, Albert DeSalvo and the Columbine killers, just to name a few. Therefore, it is in the interest of law enforcement and society in general to deal with abusers. Arrest, prosecution and psychological intervention may prevent more horrible crimes against humans down the road. Experts will tell you that the person who abuses an animal is likely to go on to physically abuse a wife, child, or some other person.

For these reasons, and because it is just wrong to abuse innocent animals, a number of police departments are taking animal abuse cases more seriously. Departments are being encouraged and trained to look much more closely at the problem by such animal rights groups as the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, the Humane Society of the United States, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, American Humane and other such organizations.

In many communities, human services, animal services, and law enforcement agencies are sharing resources and expertise to address violence. Professionals are beginning to engage in cross-training and cross-reporting through interagency partnerships, and humane societies are teaming with domestic violence shelters to provide emergency shelter for pets of domestic violence victims.

In addition, some states have strengthened their animal cruelty legislation and taken other measures to address the animal/human violence link. These state-level actions permit earlier intervention and send a clear message that all forms of violence are taken seriously.

For example:

There are now felony-level penalties for animal cruelty in nearly all states.

Several states require veterinarians to report suspected animal abuse and offer veterinarians who report cruelty immunity from civil and criminal liability.

Some states require animal control officers to report suspected child abuse or neglect and receive training in recognizing and reporting child abuse and neglect.

A few states permit child and adult protection workers to report suspected animal abuse or receive training on identifying and reporting animal cruelty, abuse, and neglect.

Nearly half the states call for psychological counseling for individuals convicted of animal cruelty.

In The Line Of Duty - Animal Abuse-Why Cops Can, and Need To Stop It
The Abuse Connection www.pet-abuse.com
American Humane - Understanding the Link

Excerpt from "Over the Edge" (1987) an Alex Delaware novel by best-selling author and also a clinical psychologist, Jonathan Kellerman, PhD. Alex Delaware, PhD. interviewing the step-mother of an alleged serial killer:
     "Did he ever say anything when he screamed?"
     She shook her head.
     "Only moans and shrieks." She shuddered. "Horrible."
     "Did he ever wet the bed?"
     "Yes. At the time of my marriage he was a bed-wetter. I tried everything to help him stop-bribery, scolding, a bell and pad machine-but nothing worked. When he was nine or ten, it stopped by itself."
     "What about fire setting?"
     "Never," she said, puzzled.
     "How did he get along with animals?"
     "Animals?"
     "Pets. Did he enjoy them?"
     "We've never had dogs or cats because I'm allergic. There was an aquarium full of tropical fish in the library that he used to enjoy looking at. Is that what you mean?"
     "Yes. Thank you."
     She continued to appear mystified, and I knew that my questions seemed disjointed. But I'd asked them for a reason. Bed-wetting is common in children and, by itself, not considered pathological. But bed-wetting, fire setting, and cruelty to animals constitute a predictive triad: Children who exhibit all three symptoms are more likely to develop psychopathic behavior patterns as adults than those who don't. It's a statistical phenomenon, and far from ironclad, but worth looking into when you're dealing with serial murder.

Animal Hoarding:
For Information About Animal Hoarding

Behind Closed Doors: The Horrors of Animal Hoarding - Humane Society of the United States HSUS

Opening the Closed Door: Strategies for Coping with Animal Hoarders - Animal Sheltering Magazine: Humane Society of the United States

Tennessee

In Tennessee, the intentional killing of an animal is a misdemeanor. Each count carries a fine of up to $2,500 and up to 11 months, 29 days in jail. Restitution is usually calculated by "replacement or repair damages," how much an owner paid for the pet and how much the vet bills were. On May 10, 2000 Tennessee passed a law called the "T-Bo Act", TN Act Chapter 762. It is now law that, along with "replacement or repair damages," a person losing their pet to the negligent or intentional act of another or another's pet, may be awarded up to $4,000 in "non-economic damages," which are defined as the loss of companionship and affection. If the death was caused by another's negligence, the act must occur on the pet-owner's property or while under the owner's control or supervision. If the death was caused by an unlawful and intentional act, the site is of no concern. This law gives the family the right to collect civil damages for their beloved pet if they're taken by someone's irresponsible or sick behavior. Such damages both compensate the bereaved and hopefully deter irresponsible conduct and save other pets and possibly children," Senator Cohen (D-Memphis) said, who along with Representative Rob Briley (D-Davidson), sponsored the bill.

Tennessee Animal Codes
http://www.tennesseeanytime.org/laws/index.html

39-14-201. Definitions For Animal Offenses.

As used in this part, unless the context otherwise requires:

1. "Animal" means a domesticated living creature or a wild creature previously captured;
2. "Livestock" means all equine as well as animals which are being raised primarily for use as food or fiber for human utilization or consumption including, but not limited to, cattle, sheep, swine, goats, and poultry;
3. "Non-livestock animal" means a pet normally maintained in or near the household or households of its owner or owners, other domesticated animal, previously captured wildlife, an exotic animal, or any other pet, including but not limited to, pet rabbits, a pet chick, duck, or pot bellied pig that is not classified as "livestock" pursuant to this part; and
4. "Torture" means every act, omission, or neglect whereby unreasonable physical pain, suffering, or death is caused or permitted, but nothing in this part shall be construed as prohibiting the shooting of birds or game for the purpose of human food or the use of animate targets by incorporated gun clubs.
   [Acts 1989, ch. 591, § 1; 1997, ch. 90, §§ 2, 5.]

39-14-212. Aggravated Cruelty To Animals - Definitions - Construction - Penalty.

(a) A person commits aggravated cruelty to animals when, with aggravated cruelty and with no justifiable purpose, such person intentionally kills or intentionally causes serious physical injury to a companion animal.

(b) For purposes of this section:

1. "Aggravated cruelty" means conduct which is done or carried out in a depraved and sadistic manner and which tortures or maims an animal;
2. Companion animal" means any non-livestock animal as defined in § 39-14-201(3);
3. "Elderly" means any person sixty-five (65) years of age or older; and
4. "Minor" means any person under eighteen (18) years of age.

(c) The provisions of subsection (a) shall not be construed to prohibit or interfere with the following endeavors:

1. The provisions of this section shall not be construed to change, modify, or amend any provision of title 70, involving fish and wildlife
2. The provisions of this section do not apply to activities or conduct that are prohibited by § 39-14-203;
3. The provisions of this section do not apply to equine animals or to animals defined as livestock by the provisions of § 39-14-201;
4. Dispatching an animal in any manner absent of aggravated cruelty;
5. Engaging in lawful hunting, trapping, or fishing activities, including activities commonly associated with the hunting of small game as defined in § 70-1-101(a)(34);
6. Dispatching rabid or diseased animals;
7. Dispatching animals posing a clear and immediate threat to human safety;
8. Performing or conducting bona fide scientific tests, experiments or investigations within or for a bona fide research laboratory, facility or institution;
9. Performing accepted veterinary medical practices or treatments;
10. Dispatching animals in accordance with § 44-17-403(e);
11. Engaging, with the consent of the owner of a farm animal, in usual and customary practices which are accepted by colleges of agriculture or veterinary medicine with respect to such animal;
12. Dispatching wild or abandoned animals on a farm or residential real property; or
13. Applying methods and equipment used to train animals.

(d) _1. A first-time conviction for aggravated cruelty to animals is a Class A misdemeanor
____2. Any subsequent conviction for aggravated cruelty to animals is a Class E felony.

(e) In addition to the penalty imposed by subsection (d), the sentencing court may order the defendant to surrender custody and forfeit all companion animals as defined in subdivision (b)(2), and may award custody of such animals to the agency presenting the case. The court may prohibit the defendant from having custody of other animals for any period of time the court determines to be reasonable, or impose any other reasonable restrictions on the person's custody of animals as is necessary for the protection of the animals.

(f) In addition to the penalty imposed by subsection (d), the court may require the defendant to undergo psychological evaluation and counseling, the cost to be borne by the defendant. If the defendant is indigent, the court may, where practicable, direct the defendant to locate and enroll in a counseling or treatment program with an appropriate agency.

(g) If a defendant convicted of a violation of this section resides in a household with minor children or elderly individuals, the court may, within fifteen (15) days, send notification of the conviction to the appropriate protective agencies.

(h) In addition to the penalty imposed by subsection (d), the defendant may be held liable to the impounding officer or agency for all costs of impoundment from the time of seizure to the time of proper disposition of the case.

(i) In addition to the penalty imposed by subsection (d), the defendant may be held liable to the owner of the animal for damages.

(j) If a juvenile is found to be within the court's jurisdiction, for conduct that, if committed by an adult, would be a criminal violation involving cruelty to animals or would be a criminal violation involving arson, then the court may order that the juvenile be evaluated to determine the need for psychiatric or psychological treatment. If the court determines that psychiatric or psychological treatment is appropriate for that juvenile, then the court may order that treatment.

(k) This section does not preclude the court from entering any other order of disposition allowed under this chapter.
[Acts 2002, ch. 858, §§ 1, 2.]

44-17-303. Methods Allowed.

(a) Sodium pentobarbital and such other agents as may be specifically approved by the rules of the board of veterinary medicine shall be the only methods used for euthanasia of nonlivestock animals by public and private agencies, animal shelters and other facilities operated for the collection, care and/or euthanasia of stray, neglected, abandoned or unwanted nonlivestock animals. A lethal solution shall be used in the following order of preference:

1. Intravenous injection by hypodermic needle;
2. Intraperitoneal injection by hypodermic needle;
3. Intracardial injection by hypodermic needle, but only if performed on heavily sedated, anesthetized or comatose animals; or
4. Solution or powder added to food.

(b) A nonlivestock animal may be tranquilized with an approved and humane substance before euthanasia is performed.

(c) Succinylcholine chloride, curare, curariform mixtures, strychnine, nicotine, chloral hydrate, magnesium or potassium or any substance which acts as a neuromuscular blocking agent, or any chamber which causes a change in body oxygen may not be used on any nonlivestock animal for the purpose of euthanasia. Any such chamber in use as of July 1, 2001, shall be phased out and shall not be used on or after July 1, 2002.

(d) Euthanasia shall be performed only by a licensed veterinarian, Tennessee veterinarian medical technician or an employee or agent of a public or private agency, animal shelter or other facility operated for the collection, care and/or euthanasia of stray, neglected, abandoned or unwanted nonlivestock animals, provided that the Tennessee veterinarian medical technician, employee or agent has successfully completed a euthanasia-technician certification course. The curriculum for such course must be approved by the board of veterinary medical examiners and must include, at a minimum, knowledge of animal anatomy, behavior and physiology; animal restraint and handling as it pertains to euthanasia; the pharmacology, proper dosages, administration techniques of euthanasia solution, verification of death techniques, laws regulating the storage, security and accountability of euthanasia solutions; euthanasia technician stress management and the proper disposal of euthanized nonlivestock animals.

(e) An employee, agent or Tennessee veterinarian medical technician performing euthanasia prior to July 1, 2001, who previously passed an approved euthanasia-technician certification course will be accepted as qualified under the Nonlivestock Animal Humane Death Act to perform euthanasia on nonlivestock animals. Any other employee, agent or Tennessee veterinarian medical technician seeking to perform euthanasia on nonlivestock animals on or after July 1, 2001, must obtain certification prior to performing any such euthanasia.

(f) A nonlivestock animal may not be left unattended between the time euthanasia procedures are first begun and the time that death occurs, nor may its body be disposed of until a qualified person confirms death.

(g) Notwithstanding the provisions of this section or any other law to the contrary, whenever an emergency situation exists in the field which requires the immediate euthanasia of an injured, dangerous or severely diseased nonlivestock animal, a law enforcement officer, a veterinarian, or agent of a local animal control unit or the designee of such an agent may humanely destroy the nonlivestock animal.

(h) For purposes of this part, "nonlivestock animal" shall have the meaning set forth in § 39-14-201(3)

(i) The attorney general may bring an action to enjoin any violation of the Nonlivestock Animal Humane Death Act.

(j) Any person who violates the provisions of the Nonlivestock Animal Humane Death Act is guilty of a Class A misdemeanor.

(k) These provisions shall not apply to exotic animals being held under the authority of title 70, chapter 4, part 4, and Rule 1660-1-18-.05 of the Official Compilation of Rules and Regulations of the State of Tennessee.
[Acts 1980, ch. 482, § 3; 1997, ch. 106, §§ 8, 9; 2001, ch. 70, § 1.]

39-14-202. Cruelty To Animals.

(a) A person commits an offense who intentionally or knowingly

1. Tortures, maims or grossly overworks an animal;
2. Fails unreasonably to provide necessary food, water, care or shelter for an animal in the person's custody;
3. Abandons unreasonably an animal in the person's custody;
4. Transports or confines an animal in a cruel manner; or
5. Inflicts burns, cuts, lacerations, or other injuries or pain, by any method, including blistering compounds, to the legs or hooves of horses in order to make them sore for any purpose including, but not limited to, competition in horse shows and similar events.

(b) It is a defense to prosecution under this section that the person was engaged in accepted veterinary practices, medical treatment by the owner or with the owner's consent, or bona fide experimentation for scientific research.
(c) Whenever any person is taken into custody by any officer for violation of subdivision (a)(4), the officer may take charge of the vehicle or conveyance, and its contents, used by the person to transport the animal. The officer shall deposit these items in a safe place for custody. Any necessary expense incurred for taking charge of and sustaining the same shall be a lien thereon, to be paid before the same can lawfully be recovered; or the expenses, or any part thereof, remaining unpaid may be recovered by the person incurring the same of the owners of the animal in an action therefor.

(d) In addition to the penalty imposed in subsection (f), the court making the sentencing determination for a person convicted under this section shall order the person convicted to surrender custody and forfeit the animal or animals whose treatment was the basis of the conviction. Custody shall be given to a humane society incorporated under the laws of this state. The court may prohibit the person convicted from having custody of other animals for any period of time the court determines to be reasonable, or impose any other reasonable restrictions on the person's custody of animals as necessary for the protection of the animals.

(e) 1. Nothing in this section shall be construed as prohibiting the owner of a farm animal or someone acting with the consent of the owner of such animal from engaging in usual and customary practices which are accepted by colleges of agriculture or veterinary medicine with respect to such animal.
2. It is an offense for a person other than a law enforcement officer acting with probable cause to knowingly interfere with the performance of any such agricultural practices permitted by subdivision (e)(1).
3. An offense under subdivision (e)(2) is a Class B misdemeanor.

(f) An offense under this section is a Class A misdemeanor.
[Acts 1989, ch. 591, § 1; 1991, ch. 223, § 1; 1992, ch. 840, § 1; 1997, ch. 90, § 4.]

39-14-203. Cock And Animal Fighting.

(a) It is unlawful for any person to:

1. Own, possess, keep, use or train any bull, bear, dog, cock or other animal, for the purpose of fighting, baiting or injuring another such animal, for amusement, sport or gain;
2. Cause, for amusement, sport or gain, any such animal to fight, bait or injure another animal, or each other;
3. Permit any such acts stated in subdivisions (a)(1) and (2) to be done on any premises under the person's charge or control, or aid or abet such act; or
4. Be knowingly present, as a spectator, at any place or building where preparations are being made for an exhibition for such fighting, baiting or injuring of any animal, with the intent to be present at such exhibition, fighting, baiting or injuring.

(b) It is the legislative intent that the provisions of this section shall not apply to the training or use of hunting dogs for sport or to the training or use of dogs for law enforcement purposes.
(c) 1. Except for any offense involving a cock, an offense under subdivisions (a)(1)-(3) is a Class E felony.
2. An offense involving a cock under subdivisions (a)(1)-(3) is a Class A misdemeanor.

(d) An offense under subdivision (a)(4) is a Class C misdemeanor.

(e) It is not an offense to own, possess or keep cocks, or aid or abet the ownership, possession or keeping of cocks, for the sole purpose of selling or transporting such cocks to a location in which possession or keeping of such cocks is legal.
[Acts 1989, ch. 591, § 1; 1990, ch. 625, §§ 1, 2.]

39-14-205. Intentional Killing Of Animal.

(a) 1. A person who intentionally or knowingly unlawfully kills the animal of another, with the intent to deprive the owner of the right to the animal's life and without the owner's effective consent commits theft of that animal and shall be punished under § 39-14-105.
2. In determining the value of a police dog under § 39-14-105, the court shall consider the value of the police dog as both the cost and any specialized training for such police dog.

(b) A person is justified in killing the animal of another if such person acted under a reasonable belief that the animal was creating an imminent danger of death or serious bodily injury to such person or another or an imminent danger of death to an animal owned by such person. A person is not justified in killing the animal of another if at the time of the killing such person is trespassing upon the property of the owner of such animal. The justification for killing the animal of another authorized by this subsection (b) shall not apply to a person who, while engaging in or attempting to escape from criminal conduct, kills a police dog that is acting in its official capacity. In such case the provisions of subsection (a) shall apply to such person.
[Acts 1989, ch. 591, § 1; 1996, ch. 927, §§ 1, 2.]

44-17-403. Death Of Pet Caused By Negligent Act Of Another - Damages.

(a) If a person's pet is killed or sustains injuries which result in death caused by the unlawful and intentional, or negligent, act of another or the animal of another, the trier of fact may find the individual causing the death or the owner of the animal causing the death liable for up to four thousand dollars ($4,000) in noneconomic damages; provided, that if such death is caused by the negligent act of another, the death or fatal injury must occur on the property of the deceased pet's owner or caretaker, or while under the control and supervision of the deceased pet's owner or caretaker.

(b) As used in this section, "pet" means any domesticated dog or cat normally maintained in or near the household of its owner.

(c) Limits for noneconomic damages set out in subsection (a) shall not apply to causes of action for intentional infliction of emotional distress or any other civil action other than the direct and sole loss of a pet.

(d) Noneconomic damages awarded pursuant to this section shall be limited to compensation for the loss of the reasonably expected society, companionship, love and affection of the pet.

(e) This section shall not apply to any not-for-profit entity or governmental agency, or its employees, negligently causing the death of a pet while acting on the behalf of public health or animal welfare; to any killing of a dog that has been or was killing or worrying livestock as in § 44-17-203; nor shall this section be construed to authorize any award of noneconomic damages in an action for professional negligence against a licensed veterinarian.

(f) The provisions of this section shall apply only in incorporated areas of any county having a population in excess of seventy-five thousand (75,000) according to the 1990 federal census or any subsequent census.
[Acts 2000, ch. 762, § 1.]

39-14-207. Feeding Of Impounded Animals - Care Provided By Humane Society - Recovery Of Expenses.

(a) In case any impounded animal is without necessary food and water for more than twelve (12) successive hours, it is lawful for any person, as often as necessary, to enter any place in which any animal is so confined, and to supply it with necessary food and water so long as it remains so confined. Such person shall not be liable to any action for such entry, and the reasonable cost of such food and water may be collected from the owner or keeper of the animal. The animal shall not be exempt from levy and sale upon execution issued upon a judgment therefore.

(b) In case any animal is injured, diseased, suffering from the elements, or malnourished, and is found at large by any agent of any humane society chartered by the state, the agent may cause adequate veterinary treatment or shelter or nourishment to be furnished to the animal. The society shall have a right of action against the owner of the animal for all necessary and reasonable expenses so incurred. Within forty-eight (48) hours after taking custody of the animal, the society shall make reasonable efforts to notify the owner of the animal's whereabouts and condition. Nothing in this subsection (b) shall affect the right of action of the veterinarian or furnisher of goods or services against the person or persons with whom such veterinarian or furnisher of goods or services contracted for payment of charges. Any such right of action by a humane society may be voided by an owner who elects to forfeit the animal to the society rather than pay for the goods or services rendered.
[Acts 1989, ch. 591, § 1.]

39-14-210. Societies For Prevention Of Cruelty To Animals - Powers.

(a) The agents of any society which is incorporated for the prevention of cruelty to animals, upon being appointed thereto by the president of such society in any county, may, within such county, make arrests, and bring before any court thereof offenders found violating the provisions of this part with regard to non-livestock animals.

(b) Any officers, agents, or members of such society may lawfully interfere to prevent the perpetration of any act of cruelty upon any animal in such person's presence. Any person who interferes with or obstructs any such officer, agent, or member in the discharge of this duty commits a Class C misdemeanor.

(c) Any agent or officer of such society may lawfully destroy, or cause to be destroyed, any animal found abandoned or otherwise:

1. Which is not properly cared for, appearing, in the judgment of two (2) reputable citizens, who are experts, called to view the same in the agent's or officer's presence, to be glandered, injured or diseased past humane recovery; or
2. After a holding period of not less than seventy-two (72) hours and after having made a reasonable effort to locate and notify the owners, for the purpose of animal population control.

(d) All fines, penalties and forfeitures imposed and collected in any county, under provisions relating to or in any way affecting animals, shall inure to such society in aid of the purpose for which it was incorporated, and no injunction shall be granted against such society or attorney or its officers or agents, except upon motion, after due notice and hearing.
(e) Any humane society chartered by the state, into whose custody shall lawfully come any animal, shall have a lien on that animal for the reasonable value of the goods and services necessarily rendered by, or at the instance of, the society to that animal.

(f) Custody of any animal victimized under this part shall be placed with any humane society chartered by the state immediately upon arrest of the person alleged to have violated this part. The humane society shall assist the animal and preserve evidence for prosecution.
[Acts 1989, ch. 591, § 1; 1997, ch. 90, § 1.]

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Carroll County Humane Society
396 Euclid Ave.; P.O. Box 384; Mc Kenzie, Tennessee 38201
PH# 731-352-9950 info@cchspet.org...............=-.......

A Non-Profit ~ No-Kill Animal Shelter